Journey to Fluency

Suggest
 
@fluencyinenglish

We can use the verb suggest with a noun phrase, a that-clause, the -ing form of a verb or a wh-question word (where, what).
Suggest + noun phrase
We can use a noun phrase as the object of suggest:

Can you suggest a good restaurant in this part of town?

If we need to mention the person who receives the suggestion, we use a to-construction:

My teacher suggested an exam I could take at the end of the year. (or My teacher suggested an exam to me which I could take at the end of the year.)
Not: My teacher suggested me an exam …

Suggest + that-clause
When we suggest an action to someone, we can use a that-clause. In informal situations, that is often left out:
I suggest (that) you leave here around fo

ur o’clock. The traffic gets very bad from about 4.30 onwards.
When suggest is in the past, we

can use should in the that-clause:
Her doctor suggested that she should reduce her working hours and take more exercise.
Suggest + -ing form

We can use suggest with the -ing form of a verb when we mention an action but

do not mention the person who will do it, because it is understood in the context:

She suggested travelling together for safety, since the area was so dangerous

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Here are some exercises based on the six areas English learners should consider practicing:

1. Intonation:
- Read short passages aloud and focus on varying your intonation to convey different emotions (e.g., excitement, sadness, surprise).
- Practice asking and answering questions with rising and falling intonation patterns.

2. Stress:
- Choose a list of words and practice saying them aloud, emphasizing the correct syllable.
- Try stressing different words in a sentence to see how it changes the meaning and emphasis.

3. Vowel sounds:
- Listen to recordings of native speakers pronouncing words with different vowel sounds, and try to mimic their pronunciation.
- Practice minimal pairs exercises where you contrast words with similar vowel sounds (e.g., ship/sheep, bit/beat).

4. Consonant sounds:
- Focus on pronouncing challenging consonant sounds in isolation and in words (e.g., "th," "r," "zh").
- Practice tongue twisters that target specific consonant sounds you find difficult.

5. Word linking:
- Read sentences aloud and focus on smoothly linking words together without pausing between them.
- Listen to natural speech and transcribe sentences, paying attention to where words are linked together.

6. Reduced forms:
- Practice using contractions in sentences (e.g., "I'm," "you'll," "they've") and pay attention to how they change the rhythm of your speech.
- Listen to recordings of native speakers using weak forms in connected speech and try to imitate them.

You can incorporate these exercises into your daily practice routine to gradually improve your pronunciation skills in each of these areas.

@fluencyinenglish

Prefer vs would prefer

Expressing preference
We use prefer to say we like one thing or activity more than another. We can use a prepositional phrase with to when we compare two things or actions:

I prefer tea to coffee.
We prefer going by ferry to flying.

We don’t use than after prefer:
She prefers books to magazines.
Not: S

he prefers books than magazines.
We can use a to-infinitive or

an -ing form after prefer. A to-infinitive is more common.

She’s not keen on coffee. She prefers to drink tea. (or She prefers drinking tea to coffee.)

Would prefer
We use would prefer or ’d prefer, followed by a to-infinitive or a noun, to talk about present and future preferences:

I’d prefer to go by myself.
Would you prefer a quieter restaurant?
She’d prefer not to drive at night.

When we want to say that we would like to do one thing more than another, we can introduce the second thing with rather than, followed by an infinitive without to:

I’d prefer to go skiing this year rather than go on a beach holiday.

When we are talking about our preferences for the actions of another person, we can use would prefer + object pronoun + to-infinitive or would prefer it if + past simple:

They’d prefer us to come later. (or They’d prefer it if we came later.)
Would you prefer me to drive? (or Would you prefer it if I drove?)

Typical errors
We use a to-infinitive after prefer, not an infinitive without to:
I prefer to drive.
Not: I prefer drive.
When

ever I have time I like to read but I prefer not to read in the evening.
Not: … but I prefer not read in the evening.
We make comparisons using to or rather than, not just than:
A lot of young people prefer computer games to football. (or A lot of young peo

ple not prefer computer games rather than football.)
Not: A lot of young people prefer computer games than football

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به دو روشمختلف می‌توانیم بپرسیم نسبت فلانی با شما هر شخص دیگری کیست.
Formal:

مازیار چه نسبتی با شما دارد؟
How is Maziar related to you?

آرش چه نسبتی با الهام دارد؟
How is Arash related to Elham?

Informal:

مریم چکاره‌ت می‌شه؟
What is Maryam to you?

آرش چکاره‌ی الهام می‌شه؟
What is Arash to Elham?

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مجموعه کلماتی که به معنی "تخصیص دادن، اختصاص دادن" هستند:

1. Allocate
~ sth (for sth):
• A large sum has been allocated for buying new books for the library.

~ sth (to sb/sth):
• They intend to allocate more places to mature students this year.

• More resources are being allocated to the project.

~ sb/sth sth:
• The project is being allocated more resources.

2. Assign
(مسئولیت، کار، چیزی) اختصاص دادن
~ sth (to sb):
• The two large classrooms have been assigned to us.
دو کلاس بزرگ به ما اختصاص داده شده است.
• The teacher assigned a different task to each of the children.
معلم به هر کدام از بچه‌ها یک وظیفه‌ی متفاوت اختصاص داد.
~ sb sth:
• The teacher assigned each of the children a different task.
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3. Allot
(کار، وظیفه، زمان و...) اختصاص دادن
• I completed the test within the time allotted.
من آزمون را در زمان تخصیص داده شده تمام کردم.
~ sth to sb/sth:
• How much money has been allotted to us?
چقدر پول به ما اختصاص داده شده است.
~ sb/sth sth:
• How much money have we been allotted?

4. Designate
(نام، ویژگی) به چیزی نسبت دادن، (چیزی را برای کاری) اختصاص دادن
~ sb/sth (as) sth:
• This area has been designated (as) a National Park.
این منطقه بعنوان پارک ملی تعیین شده است.
• This floor has been designated a no-smoking area.
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5. Set Aside
کنار گذاشتن رای چیزی/کاری، اختصاص دادن برای چیزی/کاری
• The governor set aside a day for thanksgiving.
فرماندار یک روز را برای شکرگزاری تعیین کرد.
• £130 million would be set aside for repairs to schools.

6. Earmark
اختصاص دادن برای انجام کاری
~ sb/sth (for sb/sth):
• The money had been earmarked for spending on new school buildings.
پول برای هزینه‌‌ شدن برای ساختمان جديد مدرسه اختصاص داده شده بود.

7. Apportion
تقسیم کردن بین افراد
~ sth among/between/to sb:
• They apportioned the land among members of the family.
آن‌ها زمین را بین اعضای خانواده تقسیم کردند.
@fluencyinenglish

یک منبع مناسب و نسبتاً مختصر برای یادگیری نحوه‌ی نگارش مقالات علمی

✔️ How to Write and Illustrate a Scientific Paper

#grammar


@fluencyinenglish


fairly, quite, rather and pretty


1. Fairly 



اگر شما به شخصی بگویید "fairly nice" یا
آنها "fairly clever" آنها از نوع انتخاب لغاتتان خوششان نخواهد آمد. زیرا که fairly قید قدرتمندی برای بیان صفت نیست و معنی نسبتا را می دهد.

“How was the film?” “Fairly good. Not the best one I’ve seen this year”
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فیلم رو‌چطور دیدی؟
نسبتا خوب. ولی بهترین فیلمی‌نبود که امسال دیدم.

2. Quite

Quite
مقداری از fairly قدرتمند تر است.


” How was the film?” “Quite good. You ought to go and watch it.”
فیلم رو‌چطور دیدی؟
بسیار خوب بود. پیشنهاد می کنم ببینیش.
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همچنین Quite می تواند فعل را تغییر دهد.

It was a good party.
I quite enjoyed myself.

مهمونی‌خوبی بود. کاملا ازش لذت بردم.

3. Rather is stronger than quite. It can mean “more than is usual” , “more than was expected” or  “more than is wanted

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قید rather از quite شدت تاکید بیشتری دارد.، و‌به معنی بالاتر از انتظار و حد معمول و یا بالاتر از چیزی که می خواستیم است.

“How was the film?”
“Rather Good- I was surprised”
فیلم چطور بود؟
خیلی عالی بود. من که کلی متعجب شدم(دور از انتظار و یا بالاتر از سطح انتظار بیننده بود)

از rather برای تغییر ‌فعل نیز بکار می‌بریم.

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I rather like gardening.

من به باغبانی بیشتر علاقه‌مندم.‌


4. Pretty is similar to rather. It is only used in informal English.
قید pretty همانند rather است، اما در زبان غیر رسمی مرسومیت بیشتری دارد.

“How are you feeling?” “Pretty Tired. I’m going to bed”
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چطوری؟
خیلی خسته ام و میرم بخوابم.

نکته:
هنگام استفاده از quite و ‌rather، آنها را قبل از a و an به کار می بریم.

مثال:
It was quite a nice day.I’m reading rather an interesting book

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#idioms
#vocabulary

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🔹Bail out on
Meaning:
Stop supporting someone when they are in trouble.
Example:
Everybody BAILED OUT ON him when the scandal broke.

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🔹I can't be doing with it

Meaning:
I am unwilling to tolerate it.
Example:
Next door are having another party and the noise is outrageous - I'm going round there to tell them I can't be doing with it.

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🔹In the heat of the moment

Meaning:
In an overwhelming situation, causing you to act rashly.
Example:
When the burglars broke in I just lashed out. I didn't think - it was just a heat of the moment reaction.

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🔹speak/talk out of turn

Meaning:
to say something that you should not have said

Example:
I'm sorry if I spoke out of turn, but I thought you already knew.

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🔹take the edge off sth

Meaning:
to make something unpleasant have less of an effect on someone:

Example:
Have an apple - it'll take the edge off your hunger.

Example:
His apology took the edge off her anger.

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🔹blow sth out of proportion

Meaning:
to treat a particular event orproblem far too seriously:

Example:
It's ridiculous - we have a tinydisagreement and you blow the wholething out of proportion!

Example:
Of course, when the papers get hold of a story, it's blown out of all proportion.

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🔹put years on sb

Meaning:
If something puts years on a person, it makes them appear much older:

Example:
Being tired and unhappy puts years on you

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#common_mistakes
#decrease
#in #of

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معمولاً از عبارت زیر برای کاهش در چیزی صحبت می کنیم.

✔️ decrease in sth

با این حال،معمولاً از عبارت زیر برای کاهش مقدار بکار می بریم.
✔️ decrease of sth

مثال:
• There has been a 2% decrease in the rate of unemployment.
2 درصد کاهش در نرخ بیکاری وجود داشته است.

• There has been a decrease of 2%.
2 درصد کاهش وجود داشته است.

• There was a slight decrease in his weight after a week of dieting.
بعد از یک هفته رژیم، یک کاهش کوچک در وزنش وجود داشت.

• Any decrease in tourism could have a serious effect on the local economy.
هر گونه کاهشی در گردشگری می‌توانست اثری جدی بر اقتصاد محلی بگذارد.

• The report's finding on the decrease in violent crime supports the police chief's claims.

• We have seen a marked decrease in the number of accidents since these safety measures were introduced.
از وقتی این تدابیر امنیتی ارائه شدند، کاهش شدیدی در تعداد تصادفات مشاهده شده است.

• We've noticed a steady decrease in jobs available for new graduates in the industry.


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انتخاب واژه‌های جایگزین برای «تعداد/مقدار» زیاد

الف) کلماتی که به معنی "تعداد زیاد" هستند:
1️⃣ Numerous (= many, formal تعداد زیادی)
• We’ve contacted him on numerous occasions.
ما با او در چندین مقطع تماس برقرار کرده‌ایم.
• The advantages of this system are too numerous to mention.

2️⃣ quite a few/not a few/a good few
بسیاری از = many
• Life involves quite a few triumphs and failures.
زندگی موفقیت‌ها و شکست‌های فراوان دارد.
• There were hundreds of protesters, not a few of whom were women.
صدها معترض وجود داشتند که بسیاری از آن‌ها خانوم بودند.
• She must have cooked a good few dinners over the years.
@writingandgrammar

3️⃣ innumerable/countless
• She's served on innumerable committees.
او در کمیته‌های بسیاری خدمت کرده است.
• He spent countless hours in the gym.
او ساعات بسیار زیادی را در باشگاه سپری می‌کرد.
• They had been given innumerable warnings.

4️⃣ a (whole) host of people/things
تعداد زیادی از مردم یا چیزها
• There's a whole host of reasons why he didn't get the job.
دلایل بسیار زیادی وجود دارد که چرا او آن شغل را نپذیرفت.
• A host of show business celebrities have pledged their support.


5️⃣ a multitude of sb/sth
تعداد زیادی از مردم یا چیزها
• I have never seen such a multitude of stars before.
هرگز چنین تعداد زیادی از ستاره‌ها را ندیده‌ام.
• a multitude of possible interpretations

6️⃣ a whole raft of
تعداد زیادی
• The company has launched a whole raft of software products.
شرکت تعداد زیادی محصولات نرم‌افزاری عرضه کرده است.

7️⃣ a great many/a good many/very many
تعداد زیادی = a very large number
• Most of the young men went off to the war, and a great many never came back.
بیشتر مردان جوان به جنگ رفتند و بسیاری هرگز بازنگشته‌اند.
• It all happened a good many years ago.

8️⃣ a great/large/small number of
• A large number of invitations has been sent.

9️⃣. manifold
زیاد
• The reasons for this situation are manifold.
دلایل این وضعیت زیاد هستند.
• Despite her manifold faults, she was a strong leader.


◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
ب) کلماتی که به معنی "مقدار زیاد" هستند:
1️⃣ a (great) wealth of
مقدار زیادی
• The new manager brings a great wealth of experience to the job.
مدیر جدید تجربه‌ی زیادی برای شغل به ارمغان می‌آورد.

2️⃣ a great/good deal of = quite a bit of
• It took a great deal of time and effort.
این امر به زمان و تلاش زیادی نیاز داشت.
• His work has been attracting a great deal of attention.

3️⃣ a tremendous/immense/large/considerable amount of
a considerable amout of money
• Get up and move regularly if you spend a considerable amount of time sitting.
اگر زمانی زیادی می‌نشینی، بلند شو و بطور منظم راه برو.
• Her case has attracted an enormous amount of public sympathy.


4️⃣ a considerable/growing body of
مقدار زیادی
• There is now a considerable body of knowledge of the different stages of childhood.
اکنون دانش زیادی در مورد مراحل مختلف بچگی وجود دارد.

5️⃣ a vast/considerable/significant/substantial/copious/sufficient quantity
مقدار زیادی
• Police found a large quantity of drugs in his possession.
پلیس مقدار زیادی ماده‌ی مخدر در وسایلش پیدا کرد.
• These foods provide a vast/considerable/significant/substantial/copious small/sufficient quantity of dietary fibre.

6️⃣ an avalanche of
انبوهی از، سیلی از
• The school received an avalanche of applications.
مدرسه سیلی از تقاضا دریافت کرد.
@writingandgrammar

7️⃣ quite some sth
مقدار زیادی از چیزی
• She hasn't been seen for quite some time.
او برای مدت نسبتاً زیادی دیده نشده است.

8️⃣ a bewildering variety/array/range of
طیف/دامنه‌ی گسترده‌ای از
• The college offers a bewildering range of courses.
کالج دامنه‌ی گسترده‌ای از دروس را ارئه می‌کند.
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆

✳️ این عبارت هم برای "تعداد زیاد" و هم برای "مقدار زیاد" بکار می‌رود:
quite a lot of
• There have been quite a lot of complaints about your behavior in the office.
درباره‌ی رفتار شما در اداره شکایت‌های زیادی شده است.
• The news said we should expect quite a lot of rain this weekend.