PTE EXERCISE

❇️Analysis of the answers:
1. Kneeling (adj.): after the main verb, the second verb must be used either in gerund or infinitive form, here based on meaning “kneeling” is correct.
2. Offences (n.): the gap is after a number and after a number we must use a noun and based on meaning “offences” is correct.
3. Assisted (v.): the word “who” before the gap is used as a pronoun and after a noun we must use a verb and based on meaning “assisted” is correct.
4. Abetting (n.): the word “and” has parallel role which means the words after and before it must have the same grammatical function and based on meaning “abetting” is correct.
5. Outrage (n.): after the preposition “of” we must use a noun and based on meaning “outrage” is correct.
6. Trial (n.): after the article “the” we must use a noun and based on meaning “trial” is correct.
7. Racial (adj.): the gap is between an article and a noun so we must use an adjective in the gap and based on meaning “racial” is correct.
8. Civil (adj.): the word after the gap is a noun so in the gap we must use an adjective and based on meaning “civil” is correct.
تحلیل :
1. بعد از فعل اصلی, فعلی دیگری که می آید باید یا به صورت gerund و یا infinitive استفاده شود و با توجه به معنا کلمه kneeling صحیح است.
2. جای خالی بعد از عدد آمده است پس در جای خالی باید از اسم استفاده شود و با توجه به معنا کلمه offences صحیح است.
3. کلمه who که قبل از جای خالی آمده است به عنوان یک ضمیر استفاده شده است و بعد از آن فعل استفاده میشود که با توجه به معنا کلمه assisted صحیح است.
4. کلمه and نقش موازی و کلمات قبل و بعد از آن باید گرامر یکسانی داشته باشند و براساس معنا کلمه abetting صحیح است.
5. بعد از حرف اضافه of اسم استفاده میشود و براساس معنا کلمه outrage صحیح است.
6. بعد از حرف تعریف the اسم استفاده میشود و براساس معنا کلمه trial صحیح است.
7. جای خالی بین حرف تعریف و اسم است پس در جای خالی باید صفت استفاده شود و براساس معنا کلمه racial  صحیح است.
8. کلمه ای که بعد از جای خالی آمده است اسم است پس در جای خالی باید از صفت استفاده کنیم که براساس معنا کلمه civil صحیح است.

1. Kneeling (adj.): be in or assume a position in which the body is supported by a knee or the knees. زانو زدن
2. Offences (n.): an illegal act. تخلفات
3. Assisted (v.): help (someone), typically by doing a share of the work. کمک کرد
4. Abetting (n.): encourage or assist (someone) to do something wrong, in particular to commit a crime. شریک جرم کسی شدن، تحریک به عمل بد کردن
5. Outrage (n.): an extremely strong reaction of anger, shock, or indignation. خشم
6. Trial (n.): a formal examination of evidence by a judge, typically before a jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings. آزمایش, قضاوت
7. Racial (adj.): relating to the major groupings into which humankind is sometimes divided on the basis of physical characteristics or shared ancestry.نژادی
8. Civil (adj.): relating to ordinary citizens and their concerns. مدنی
#RFIB _ SK.80

✅ Answer:
1. Kneeling 2. Offences 3. Assisted 4. Abetting 5. Outrage 6. Trial
7. Racial 8. Civil
#RFIB _ SK.80

Derek Chauvin was filmed ----1---- on Floyd´s neck for about nine minutes, and he is charged with three ----2---- over Floyd´s death in May 2020. Three other police officers who ----3---- the arrest of George Floyd are set to go on trial in August on aiding and ----4---- charges. George Floyd´s death sparked wave of ----5---- and activism across the globe, and many people see the ----6---- as a test of the US legal system´s handling of ----7---- injustice. Floyd´s family agreed to a 27-million-dollar ----8---- settlement with the city of Minneapolis in March.

A) Civil B) Kneeling C) Demoralize D) Trial E) Offences F) Facilitating
G) Assisted H) Racial I) Collaborate J) Outrage K) Abetting

#RFIB _ SK.80

✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳

✅Analysis:
1. After numbers (more than one) we must use a plural noun, and the only option that contains a plural is option D.
بعد از اعداد بیشتر از یک در زبان انگلیسی از اسم جمع استفاده میشود. تنها گزینه ای که اسم جمع است، گزینه D میباشد.
2. The preposition that is used before years is “in”, so option C is the correct answer.
حرف اضافه ای که برای سال استفاده میشود “in” است، پس گزینه C درست است.
3. After commas, in most case, a gerund can be used. Here because of the preposition “from” it can be inferred that “ranging” is the correct answer.
در اکثر موارد بعد از کاما میتوان از یک جراند (اسم مصدر) استفاده کرد. در اینجا هم با توجه به حرف اضافه “from” میتوان نتیجه گرفت که ranging گزینه مناسب است.
4. Here, the word “developed” is an adjective and a noun should be used after it so, the word “prevalent” is crossed out because it’s an adjective. As far as the sentence is talking about continents (Asia, Africa) so it can be concluded that “regions” is the correct answer.
در اینجا کلمه “developed” یک صفت است و بعد از آن باید یک اسم استفاده شود. پس کلمه “prevalent” که یک صفت است از بین گزینه ها حذف میشود. از آنجایی که جمله در مورد قاره های آسیا و آفریقا صحبت میکند پس میتوان نتیجه گرفت که گزینه مناسب “regions” است.
5. Here, “and” is playing as a parallel structure connector; that is, it connects two similar structures (Adjective + Noun). Before “and” we can see “safe water”, so after “and” we need an adjective. Safe is a positive adjective, so on the other side we need a positive adjective that is adequate.
در اینجا “and” دو ساختار مشابه یا موازی را به یکدیگر متصل میکند. کلمات قبل از “and” یعنی “safe water” یک ترکیب موصوف صفتی هستند که مشابه همین ساختار میتواند بعد از “and” استفاده شود. با توجه به موارد گفته شده در اینجا به یک صفت احتیاج داریم. “safe” یک صفت مثبت است، پس میتوان این نتیجه را گرفت که صفت مثبت “adequate” میتواند گزینه مناسب باشد.
6. In English, words that end in –ty are mostly nouns. Before nouns mostly adjective are used, so here we need an adjective for sure. Among options, only options B and D remain as adjectives. By the meaning, “environmental” is the best option. Words that are ended in –al are mostly adjectives.
در انگلیسی، کلماتی که به –ty ختم میشوند معمولا اسم هستند. قبل از اسم معمولا از یک صفت استفاده میشود پس در اینجا هم به یک صفت نیاز است. از بین گزینه ها فقط گزینه های B و D صفت هستند. با توجه به معنا “environmental” درست است. کلماتی که به پسوند –al ختم میشوند معمولا صفت هستند.
7. Here we have a verb “lacked”, after a verb mostly a noun can be used. By the preposition “to” we can conclude that “access” can be a correct answer.
در اینجا “lacked” فعل است که بعد از آن به یک کلمه با نقش دستوری اسم نیاز داریم. از آنجایی که بعد از جای خای حرف اضافه “to” وجود دارد، میتوانیم نتیجه بگیریم که گزینه درست “access” است.
#rwfib_3

✅Answers:

1. (d) decades (n) - دهه
2. (c) in (prp) -  در
3. (b) ranging (n) - حدود
4. (a) regions (n) - منطقه، ناحیه
5. (d) adequate (adj) - کافی، مناسب
6. (b) environmental (adj) - محیطی
7. (d) access (n) (v) - دسترسی
#rwfib_3

Despite progress over the last two (1) ................, still more than 35 per cent of the urban population of the less developed regions was living in slums (2) ……………. 2005-2007. In the least developed countries 71 per cent of the urban dwellers lived in slums. This proportion is very high in sub-Saharan Africa, (3) ……………. from 61 per cent in Western Africa to 71 per cent in Middle Africa. It is also very high in Sudan, where 94 per cent of the urban dwellers live in slums. In Asia this proportion is 33 per cent, close to the average of the less developed (4) ……………., and 22 percentage points lower than in Africa. Twenty five per cent of the urban population of Western Asia lives in slums, a percentage significantly lower than the world average. Lack of access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation are typical characteristics of urban slums. Access to safe water and (5) ……………. sanitation are among the indicators used to monitor progress toward (6) …………….sustainability. Globally, 134 million urban dwellers (4 per cent) lacked (7) ……………. to an improved water supply in 2008 and 806 million (24 per cent) lacked adequate sanitation services. Most of these people lived in informal, overcrowded urban settlements in developing countries, particularly in Africa and Asia.
#rwfib_3

1. A) time B) visit C) equity D) decades
2. A) on B) at C) in D) from
3. A) infrastructure B) ranging C) hover D) knowledge
4. A) regions B) luxury C) prevalent D) courtesy
5. A) outburst B) erupted C) seizure D) adequate
6. A) collude B) environmental C) magnificent D) enormously
7. A) negotiations B) housing C) relent D) access
#rwfib_3

✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳

❇️Analysis of the answers:
1.  Aftermath (n.): after the article “the” we must use a noun and based on meaning “aftermath” is correct.
2. Plumes (n.): after the preposition “with” we must use a noun and based on meaning “plumes” is correct.
3. Rally (n.): after the article “a” we must use a noun and based on meaning “rally” is correct.
4. Condemned (v.): based on English word order after the subject we must use a verb and based on meaning “condemned” is correct.
5. Pursuing (v.): the tense of the sentence is past continuous and according to its structure after the to-be verb we must use a verb with –ing and based on meaning “pursuing” is correct.
6. Eject (v.): after the preposition “to” we use a verb in its infinitive form and based on meaning “eject” is correct.
تحلیل :
1. بعد از حرف تعریف the اسم استفاده میشود و براساس معنا کلمه aftermath صحیح است.
2. بعد از حرف اضافه with اسم استفاده میشود و با توجه به معنا کلمه plumes صحیح است.
3. بعد از حرف تعریف a اسم استفاده میشود و براساس معنا کلمه rally صحیح است.
4. براساس چینش کلمات در انگلیسی بعد از اسم, فعل استفاده میشود و با توجه به معنا کلمه condemned صحیح است.
5. زمان جمله گذشته استمراری است و با توجه به ساختار آن بعد از فعل to-be فعل با –ing استفاده میشود و براساس معنا کلمه pursuing صحیح است.
6. بعد از حرف اضافه to فعل به صورت infinitive استفاده میشود و براساس معنا کلمه eject صحیح است.

1.  Aftermath (n.): the consequences or after-effects of a significant unpleasant event. عواقب بعدی
2. Plumes (n.): a long cloud of smoke or vapor resembling a feather as it spreads from its point of origin. (دود یا گرد و خاک یا ابر و غیره) ستون
3. Rally (n.): a mass meeting of people making a political protest or showing support for a cause. صف ارایی
4. Condemned (v.): express complete disapproval of. محکوم کردن
5. Pursuing (v.): follow or chase (someone or something). دنبال کردن
6. Eject (v.): force or throw (something) out in a violent or sudden way. بیرون انداختن
#RFIB _ SK.93

✅ Answer:
1. Aftermath 2. Plumes 3. Rally 4. Condemned 5. Pursuing 6. Eject
#RFIB _ SK.93

A video posted online appears to show the ----1---- of the downed plane with ----2----- of white smoke rising behind Mound Turkman in Lattakia. The Turkish Prime Minister told supporters at a ----3---- that the country’s forces had taken down the plane. Syria’s ----4---- the move, calling it “blatant aggression” and said their jet was ----5---- rebel fighters on Syrian territory. The pilot survived, as he managed to ----6----before the plane crashed.

A) Rally B) Spear C) Plumes D) Pursuing E) Ramification
F) Eject G) Condemned H) Aftermath

#RFIB _ SK.93

✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳

✅Analysis:

1. Here the main verb is “is” so after that a past participle can be used. We have the verb “made” so we can infer that it is a phrasal verb and it must be completed with a proper preposition. By the meaning the proper preposition is “up”. Note that the preposition that comes after “made up” is mostly “of”.
(make up something) to combine together to form something larger.
This book is made up of twelve separate short stories.
1. در اینجا فعل اصلی “is” میباشد پس بعد از آن از past participle میتوان استفاده کرد. در اینجا فعل “made” را داریم پس میتوانیم این برداشت را داشته باشیم که با یک phrasal verb سروکار داریم که با یک حرف اضافه باید تکمیل شود. با توجه به معنا حرف اضافه مناسب در اینجا “up” است. توجه داشته باشید که حرف اضافه ای که معمولا بعد از “made up” استفاده میشود “of” است. به مثال بالا توجه کنید.
2. After preposition “of” a noun can be used. Earlier in the text, it is mentioned “two different kinds”; so we can infer that the noun must be in plural from. By the meaning the answer is “sources”.
2. بعد از حرف اضافه “of” از نقش دستوری اسم استفاده میشود. با توجه به عبارت “two different kinds” میتوان نتیجه گرفت که اسم مورد نظر جمع است. با توجه به معنا کلمه “sources” درست است.

3. Here we have the verb “let” and the object “gases”, But the meaning and structure is not completed. We can infer that after let, there must be a preposition to complete it so again we are faced with a phrasal verb. By proper preposition after “let” is “off”.

to cause (something) to explode or to be released in a forceful way.
let off a firecracker.
3. در اینجا فعل اصلی “let” است و مفعول آن “gases” اما معنا و ساختار در اینجا کامل نیست. پس میتوان نتیجه گرفت که بعد از “let” نیاز به یک حرف اضافه است برای تشکیل یک phrasal verb. حرف اضافه مناسب برای “let” کلمه “off” میباشد. به معنا و مثال آن توجه کنید.

4. Here we have the correlation “either…or”. This structure is combining two similar structures, namely two adjectives. So by the structure and meaning the correct answer is “primary”.

4. در اینجا ساختار “either…or” وجود دارد که برای متصل کردن تو ساختار مشابه میتوان از آن استفاده کرد که در اینجا دو صفت به یکدیگر متصل شده اند. با توجه به ساختار و معنا “primary” گزینه درست است.
5. Here we have the structure “modal + base form”, after this structure it is more likely for an adjective to be used. Words that end is suffix –ful are adjectives.
5. در اینجا ساختار “modal + base form” را داریم که بعد از این ساختار در اکثر مواقع از صفت استفاده میشود. کلماتی که به پسوند –ful ختم میشوند صفت هستند.

6. Here words are divided by commas. As you know, commas divide words that have similar structure. So here in blank there must a word with the same structure as others. As far as other words are nouns this word must be noun too.

6. در اینجا ویرگول ها کلماتی را از یکدیگر جدا کردند. همانطور که میدانید نقش دستوری کلمات در بین ویرگول ها باید یکی باشد. از آنجایی که بقیه کلمات اسم هستند، پس این کلمه هم باید نقش دستوری اسم داشته باشد.


7. In English language, after “more” it is more likely for an adjective to be used. Words that end in suffix –ous are adjectives.
7. در زبان انگلیسی بعد از کلمه “more” معمولا از یک صفت استفاده میشود. کلماتی که به پسوند –ous ختم میشوند صفت هستند.

✅Answers:

1 (b) up

2 (d) sources

3 (c) off

4 (c) primary

5 (a) harmful

6 (a) sites

7 (b) dangerous

#rwfib_06

Particle pollution — also called particulate matter (PM) — is made (1) …………… of particles of solids or liquids that are in the air. Particle pollution can come from two different kinds of (2) …………… — primary or secondary. Primary sources cause particle pollution on their own. For example, wood stoves and forest fires are primary sources. Secondary sources let (3) …………… gases that can form particles. Power plants and coal fires are examples of secondary sources. Some other common sources of particle pollution can be either (4) ………….. or secondary — for example, factories, cars and trucks, and construction sites. Smoke from fires and emissions from power plants, industrial facilities, and cars and trucks contain PM2.5. Breathing in particle pollution can be (5) …………… to your health. Coarse particles, called PM10, can irritate your eyes, nose, and throat. Dust from roads, farms, dry riverbeds, construction (6) ……………, and mines are types of PM10. Fine particles, called PM2.5, are more (7) …………… because they can get into the deep parts of your lungs — or even into your blood.

1. (a) out (b) up (c) along (d) over
2. (a) limit (b) news (c) contact  (d) sources
3. (a) out (b) down (c) off (d) in
4. (a) irritation (b) asthma (c) primary (d) anyone
5. (a) harmful (b) truth (c) existence (d) invent
6. (a) sites (b) persist (c) outdoor (d) controlling
7. (a) include (b) dangerous (c) releases (d) inevitable

#rwfib_06

🖥 The northern lights lit up the skies across the UK and Europe, and experts are predicting that it will be a great year for spotting the often elusive light show. The dazzling natural phenomenon, also known as the aurora, has been particularly active. They are seen over high polar latitudes and are chiefly influenced by geomagnetic storms.

🅿️Spot: /spɒt $ spɑːt/
🅿️Elusive: /ɪˈluːsɪv/
🅿️Dazzling: /ˈdæzəlɪŋ/
🅿️Phenomenon: /fɪˈnɒmənən $ fɪˈnɑːmənɑːn, -nən/
🅿️Latitude: /ˈlætɪtjuːd $ -tuːd/

#RA ، #Read_Aloud

Lecture mention-worthy points:

🔑 Salary

🔑 commission sales

🔑 compensation plans

🔑 a lower base salary

🔑 the majority of the total compensation

🔑 opportunities to support all salespeople

🔑 tracking sales

🔑 offering motivation to increase productivity

🔑 achieving goals

🔑 market conditions

🔑 no guarantee of income

🔑 most top-performing and hardest working sales professionals

🔑 knowing how to sell

🔑 creating aggression within your sales team

🔑 low-income security

🔑 a high turnover rate



#RL #ReTell_Lecture

Lecture Script:


Salary plus commission sales compensation plans are possibly the most common plans used today. They are restructured in a way that salespeople receive a lower base salary along with commission pay that makes up the majority of the total compensation. Organizations use salary plus commission sales compensation plans when there are opportunities to support all salespeople on this structure and when there are proper metrics in place for tracking sales to ensure that the splits are fair and accurate. This type of plan is often the better choice as opposed to a straight salary because it offers motivation to increase productivity and to achieve goals. It also offers more stability. Salespeople will still get some types of pay even if they’re in training, when sales are low during certain months, or if market conditions get volatile. However, it can be more complex to administer. Commission only sales compensation plans are exactly what they sound like you pay your salespeople for the sales they bring in and nothing else. There is no guarantee of income. These types of plans are easier to administer than salary plus commission and provide better value for your money paid as they are based solely on sales achieved. They also tend to attract fewer candidates, but do attract the most top-performing and hardest working sales professionals who know they can make a good income because they know how to sell. On the other hand, though, they can create aggression within your sales team and low-income security, which can lead to a high turnover rate, and sales rep burnout from stress.



#RL #ReTell_Lecture